We each come to parenting from different circumstances, with experiences, personalities, beliefs, and traits that are unique to us. It’s no surprise, therefore, that the way we bring up our own children can be very different to those of other parents. Indeed, our own idiosyncratic upbringings may influence what we believe to be a good approach to parenting — or a bad one. Some parents, for example, may mimic how their own parents brought them up. Others may head in the opposite direction for one reason or another. Now they have become a parent too, should they be permissive, gentle, strict, or even authoritarian in their own parenting style? Is somewhere in the middle a good balance? What’s best for children generally, and their child specifically? There are so many questions to ask oneself as a new parent — it’s quite a minefield! With all that in mind, we explore some of the most important parenting styles today, and find out what the experts have to say about them.
So Many Parenting Names & Styles!
There is an incredible array of names for parenting styles. You may have heard, for example, of names like helicopter parenting, velcro parenting, indulgent parenting, parent-led parenting, and mindful parenting, along with a myriad of other descriptions. Some styles are quite distinct, others are subtle variations of each other, and several have more than one name. No wonder it’s confusing!
In light of all of this, we’re going to concentrate on just a few key parenting styles today. These are styles that have been around long enough to have undergone a reasonable amount of study by experts. So, for our chosen key styles, we can share some useful findings, valuable feedback, and perhaps provide a little guidance for new and expectant parents. If you’re one, see what you think — and where, perhaps, you’d like your own parenting style to fit in.
Key Elements of Parenting Styles
Before we launch into specific styles, bear in mind that all parenting styles can usually be broken down into the ways in which they mix several key elements. These include:
- the amount of emotional warmth and empathy provided by parents for the child;
- the amount children’s input and feedback is taken on board by parents;
- how strictly rules, structure, boundaries, and discipline are applied by parents;
- the amount of help, guidance, leadership, and even role-modelling provided by the parent.
Some, for example, may show high warmth, relaxed rules, two-way feedback, and lots of guidance towards the child. Others may provide the complete opposite — or indeed somewhere in between. Crucially, outcomes for children can be quite different, depending on the exact mix.
It’s also important to mention that parents may not stick to just one parenting style all the time, as there will be circumstances where, for one reason or another, they may need to switch styles. Every child and every parent is different, too. For such reasons, it’s simply not possible to say, with any certainty, that one style will fit every family perfectly — indeed, a mix is often needed as circumstances change.
Authoritative Parenting
The So-Called ‘Gold Standard’ of Parenting Styles
Let’s start with a style that’s often referred to as the ‘gold standard’ of parenting styles — authoritative parenting. For many years, experts have suggested that this particular parenting style has possibly the best overall balance in its approach. However, it’s important not to confuse authoritative parenting, which is fairly gentle, with authoritarian parenting, a far more strict style. Authoritative parenting is thought by experts to have a well-balanced mix of elements in its approach, resulting in good outcomes for children raised under its style. The style typically has the following elements in its make-up:
- Parents are very warm towards children, showing a huge amount of empathy, love, understanding, and compassion towards them. Parents are attuned to children’s feelings, needs, and abilities.
- Two-way feedback is encouraged, with children’s perspectives and points of view being acknowledged during interactions and activity planning. They will therefore feel listened to and heard.
- When it comes to rules, authoritative parents give children clear, age-appropriate structure, defined boundaries, and clarity, using a cooperative approach, without threat of punishment. Instead, rules are gently applied through positive reinforcement (praise and rewards) and an approach that has clear reasoning and is fair, empathetic, and measured. Children will thereby know what is expected of them and why.
- ‘Authoritative’ parents are good role models, teaching by doing, demonstrating, or explaining clearly, so that children can learn how to mirror their behaviour and logical approach to things.
- Children’s achievements, however large or small, are celebrated.
Outcomes from Authoritative Parenting
Professional studies suggest very favourable outcomes from well-implemented authoritative parenting. Children raised using this parenting style tend to do well academically and show high levels of self-motivation. They are naturally curious, eager to learn and discover, and are often very creative. They tend to take the initiative and are self-reliant, independent children with appropriate boundaries and self-control. They are sociable, with healthy bonds with friends and family, and show respect to others. Statistically, they also tend to be happier and have better mental health than children raised using many of the other parenting styles. Interestingly, they are also less likely to misuse drugs and alcohol when they’re older. What’s not to like about authoritative parenting!
The Gentle Parenting Style
Gentle parenting is a style that’s been very prominent on social media in recent years. Many may not realise, however, that it’s simply a soft variant of Authoritative parenting. That said, though, it still retains clear rules and boundaries for the child to follow. It’s crucially important, however, not to confuse gentle parenting with permissive parenting (also known as indulgent parenting), which, as the name suggests, has far fewer boundaries — very few in fact. Not so, though, with gentle parenting if approached correctly.
Being a soft variant of authoritative parenting means that the same kind of elements make up the gentle parenting style. These include a very high level of empathy and warmth towards the child, close bonds, a collaborative approach to rules and boundaries, avoidance of the threat of punishments in favour of rewarding/praising good behaviour, and acknowledgement of the child’s feelings, opinions, and perspective.
Outcomes from Gentle Parenting
Being a close variant of authoritative parenting also means that outcomes for children are likely to be very similar, i.e. extremely positive. However, we should add that, for gentle parenting specifically, there are not the years and years of study that authoritative parenting has enjoyed as a whole. We can take educated guesses to conclude that, if well implemented, gentle parenting has very similar benefits to authoritative parenting. Those are wide-ranging and comprehensive, as you can see in the section above. However, if gentle parenting is badly implemented, there’s a danger that it could stray into territory more akin to permissive parenting, which does not have such good outcomes. We’ll come to that parenting style next.
The Permissive Parenting Style
Permissive (a.k.a. Indulgent) parenting is a style that prioritises a child’s happiness over virtually everything else. As such, it’s a warm, empathetic, and loving parenting style. However, rules, structure, and discipline are extremely thin on the ground. Parents and children prioritise fun and their close relationship. When under-fives go through emotional periods in their development, it’s true that this permissiveness can counteract some of their emotional turmoil, but it does come at a cost.
Outcomes from Permissive Parenting
Children raised using a permissive parenting style have few boundaries and rules to follow, so are free to do pretty much whatever they want. That can often make for immense fun and a level of freedom that they will often enjoy. They will feel well-supported emotionally, be able to express themselves freely, be resourceful, and often have good self-esteem.
However, such an upbringing, with a lack of discipline, structure, and boundaries, can lead to several negative outcomes. These may include feelings of entitlement as well as behaviour that falls short of what’s usually expected by others around them. They may also lack self-discipline, accountability for their actions, and respect for the feelings of others. The lack of parental control and oversight can also, of course, lead to danger for the child. It may also mean children do not develop good eating and hygiene habits, which could cause health problems further down the line.
The Authoritarian Parenting Style
Authoritarian parenting (not to be confused with Authoritative parenting explained earlier) is the harshest of today’s parenting styles. As the name suggests, parents who use this parenting approach tend to be rather like dictators, whose rules must be followed … or else! With this parenting style, children must do what they’re told, often without understanding why, and the parent dominates them. There is no warmth or empathy for the child with this style. What the parent says goes. High standards are usually demanded, with stern discipline and punishments if children do not comply or achieve such standards. There is also no debate, so children’s views are not listened to or taken into account.
Outcomes from Authoritarian Parenting
Although authoritarian parenting is a hard style, as such it can mean that rules and boundaries are quickly understood. However, they may be understood simply because of the fear of the repercussions and punishment should they get things wrong. Blind obedience is expected. So, children learn, but through fear. They may learn the rules, but they often do not understand the reasons for the rules — because they’re never explained. They may struggle at school. Children may even need to develop deceitful tactics in order to avoid conflict following misdemeanours.
Research suggests that children raised using the authoritarian approach can develop mental health problems like depression and anxiety. They may also be more prone, through frustration and resentment at not being heard, to anger outbursts. It may not surprise you to learn that, sadly, they often also have low levels of self-esteem and confidence.
Uninvolved Parenting
Also known as neglectful parenting, uninvolved parenting “does what it says on the tin” i.e. children are very much left to their own devices with this style. They receive no love, affection, or empathy from parents. There are no rules or structure to their daily lives. They receive no guidance, and parents are certainly not role models. Children just have do make to as best they can, unsupported by parents. There may be different reasons for this, of course (not all ‘neglectful’ parents are uninvolved by choice — for example, they may be physically or mentally unwell or be working three jobs just to survive).
Outcomes from Uninvolved Parenting
Overall, studies found that uninvolved parenting has amongst the very worst outcomes for children. It may be true that children brought up via an uninvolved/neglectful parenting style may, by necessity, grow up resourceful, good at problem-solving, and capable of great independence. However, because of the neglect during their childhoods, they are also likely to suffer from a variety of negative outcomes. These include attachment issues, a disconnect and lack of bonds with parents, emotional insecurity with others, low self-esteem, and behavioural issues. Given that parental input in children’s education is also incredibly beneficial to children, a lack of it is clearly going to be detrimental to their academic performance, which is likely to adversely affect their career potential too.
Final Thoughts
There are many other names for parenting styles, but we have covered the most important and well-studied ones above. It’s clear that some have significantly better outcomes for children than others, so we hope today’s guide helps to shed some light on the key options. Clearly, there are some styles to avoid, and some that seem to have very positive outcomes. And, as we said before, it’s likely that parents may need to juggle more than one style, from time to time, as circumstances — and perhaps danger and stress levels — demand. Parenting is hard, and every child and family situation is unique. Whichever parenting style(s) you use, we wish you well on your parenting journey.
High-Quality Childcare in Clayton-le-Woods
Little Acorns Nursery, Clayton-le-Woods, Chorley
We hope you found today’s post interesting and useful. Please feel free to bookmark and share it if so. We’re Little Acorns Nursery in Clayton-le-Woods, near Chorley. We’re officially a ‘Good’ childcare provider, so you know your child will be in safe hands, and we offer support for funded childcare hours for eligible working families. We also have our own, newly reopened Forest School, which both children and parents love!
Get in touch today to explore a possible place for your child at Little Acorns Nursery:
Little Acorns Nursery represents a high-quality and convenient childcare choice for families in Clayton-le-Woods, Clayton Brook, Clayton Green, Chorley, Penwortham, Leyland, Bamber Bridge, Lostock Hall, Thorpe Green, Pippin Street, Buckshaw Village, Whittle-le-Woods, Farington, Euxton, and many other locations nearby.
Whether you’re planning a family, are already pregnant, or have recently given birth, it’s beneficial to obtain as much knowledge and information as you can so that you are fully prepared. So, when we spotted a comprehensive antenatal course that allows free* access to UK families, we naturally wanted to share the opportunity with parents, expectant parents, and our readers. With that in mind, today’s post introduces you to a Complete Antenatal Course. It’s a free, 8-hour online course, led by midwives, that you can access today. We have already investigated it for you and thought it was fabulous! Read on to learn more about the course contents, highlights, and easy access details to get started — all at zero cost!
Yes — the Complete Antenatal Course is currently free (correct at the time of writing, mid-February 2026). That assumes, of course, that you don’t choose to upgrade to premium options or sign up to other courses etc. We found it quick and easy to sign up without such add-ons — achieving virtually instant access to the course, without cost. That said, some families may consider paid upgrades if they so wish, for example, if they would like access to speak with midwives during the course, or get involved in Q&A sessions. It’s also worth pointing out that the main course is free because it’s funded through a commercial partnership — apparently saving £175! You may therefore see some short commercial clips during the course, but we found them minimal and unobtrusive.
You can currently 
In their earliest years, children’s brains are doing a phenomenal amount of developing. At this stage, little ones understand far more than they can express, and they’re learning to handle powerful emotions without the calm reasoning skills adults (mostly) have. The part of the brain responsible for emotional control is still under construction, so when they’re hungry, tired, frustrated, or simply want something right now, they can easily become overwhelmed. In short, they’re not trying to give you a hard time. They’re having a hard time.
It’s not always easy as a parent, but your own composure is key. A calm, even tone and steady body language tell your child that you’re in control, even if you feel anything but. Also, try avoiding lengthy explanations in the heat of the moment — too many words can overwhelm an emotional toddler.
The nightmare scenario: You’re halfway down the biscuit aisle when your toddler takes an unhealthy shine to a chocolate-covered, sugar-filled snack that’s really not going to be good for them. So, you say no. They flop to the floor, wail at a volume that seems to fill the entire supermarket, and protest in a dramatic fashion that catches the attention of every shopper in the vicinity. Not only is your child in full, public, tantrum mode, but you’re also going to feel judged!
Scenario: At home, your child sees their sibling or a friend playing with the toy they absolutely must have right now. They shout, try to grab the toy, and then the sobbing begins.
Scenario: Dinner is served, and your child takes one look at the plate and decides it’s the worst thing that’s ever happened to them. Cue gesticulating arms, shouting and, in all probability, some dramatic sliding under the table.
Once babies have transformed into toddlers, it’s never too early to introduce them to maths-based concepts and language. Indeed, introducing under-fives to such concepts in the earliest years will benefit them hugely as it lays the foundations for future learning. That’s one of the main reasons it is a part of 
Familiarity with mathematical terms and concepts also helps to prepare children for formal education, including in many areas other than pure mathematics. Understanding maths concepts from an early age will allow them to confidently engage in number-related exercises and discussions, greatly enhancing their school readiness across multiple topics. Such preparation will allow them to take maths-based challenges in their stride right from the moment they begin Reception Year in primary school. What’s even more striking is that studies show a direct correlation between early mathematical skills and later educational achievement.
Counting is the most obvious example. Counting can be introduced and practised by your little one in many, many situations, from counting how many more mouthfuls of food a child should eat, to the number of Lego blocks in a tower they’re creating.
Shapes also have roots in maths, so children should get familiar with 3-sided triangular shapes, 4-sided shapes like squares and rectangles, and so on.
Creative endeavours can also be vehicles through which supervising adults can highlight elements of mathematics that are built into designs and creations that children may generate. Patterns and shapes are obvious examples of that. Last but not least, parents can involve children in maths facets which are integral to everyday life, for instance, counting items when out shopping, or measuring when putting ingredients together for a meal. Children will love being more involved in such activities and will learn about maths in a fun, natural, and engaging way. Doing so will create the strongest foundations for their future learning.
One of the key tasks all tots must face, in tandem with parents, is potty training. It’s something we all had to master as toddlers and therefore we know it’s 100% achievable — despite it sometimes seeming to be rather a challenge. Achieving success, though, will improve the quality of life for the child, the parent, and other guardians involved in the child’s care. Learning to master the use of the potty and later the toilet will also be a major boost to self-confidence and independence when the child is at nursery, preschool, and later school. With that in mind, today’s guide outlines our top tips for successful potty training.
Children become ready for potty training at different times — every child is different in that respect, with some starting as early as 18 months and others not training until the age of 3. That said, the majority of little ones begin potty training between the ages of 2 and 3. There are some signs to look out for that will help parents decide when the time is right and we’ll look at those below.
Ensuring children understand the language around toileting is helpful, of course. So, it’s healthy to help children learn the various terms involved, whether talking about a potty, wee-wees, or anything else. Learning appropriate words will empower children to ask for what they need, at appropriate times.
Potties with designs that are attractive to toddlers e.g. dinosaurs, licensed TV characters etc.
Only start potty training when your child shows signs that they’re ready. (See the When Should You Begin Potty Training? section above for details).
Every 2-year-old attending registered childcare settings in England is subject to what’s known as a ‘Progress Check at 2’. Today we explain what it entails, who is involved and how it benefits little ones. Here’s our rough guide to the Progress Check at 2:
The Progress Check at 2 should not be confused with the Healthy Child Programme’s 2-Year Review that 2-year-olds also undergo around the same age. While the ‘Progress Check at 2’ looks at the child’s learning and development progress and is the topic of today’s guide, the separate ‘2 Year Review’ is more about the child’s health and wellbeing and is undertaken by healthcare professionals like health visitors. They will look at things like overall health, immunisation uptake, physical and mental health and development, overall wellbeing and support levels from parents, carers or guardians.
The three ‘prime’ areas of the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) curriculum are also the core focus areas of the Progress Check at 2. Hence, the checks will look to see how well the child is progressing primarily in their:
The core idea behind the Progress Check at 2 is to discover whether progress is at expected levels for the child’s age and development.
Last year, we wrote a detailed post outlining 
Interestingly, under-five children who came from disadvantaged backgrounds were shown to benefit even more than those who didn’t. For this reason, reading with parents/carers has been proposed as a possible way to close the performance deficit often seen with children from such backgrounds. It may well represent a perfect solution to even up the playing field.
Deeper bonds with parents/carers (after all, this is quality time spent together, one-to-one);
Indeed, parents can be thought of as key to their children’s success, if they support children’s education in the right ways. We’ll go through exactly what that means, along with some of the many benefits, in this article.
Choose the Right Setting
Parents of successful, grade A students, will generally also have engaged with staff at nursery/pre-school and school. That includes at parents’ evenings, of course, but parents should also be fully abreast of their child’s progress at every point in between. Parents and staff need to talk and feed back to each other about each child under their care and, indeed, that’s exactly what we do at Little Acorns Nursery. This, and a personal development progress folder for every child, is all part of the EYFS curriculum at the nursery in fact. In this way, parents and staff can each see the bigger picture and identify where successes are happening for the child, or where more work is needed — including at home.
Parents can help children with homework too, of course. They can explain things that the child is perhaps confused or unclear about, in an unrushed, relaxed home environment. Parents can work through their approach to finding answers to questions and explain how they arrived at those answers. This, too, is like gold dust to an otherwise struggling child. It’s one of the reasons why the human race itself has come such a long way — through shared information.
• In turn, that ultimately leads to better careers as adults, with higher rates of pay.
